<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Good Morning All,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">We hope to see you.<br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Sep 29, 2022, at 4:05 PM, Sandra Quarles <<a href="mailto:squarles@cs.uchicago.edu" class="">squarles@cs.uchicago.edu</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div class=""><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 165, 0);"><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;">UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO</span></div></div></div><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div class=""><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 165, 0);"><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;">COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 165, 0);"><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;">PRESENTS</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 165, 0);"><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><br class=""></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c4f40e27-7fff-e408-3abf-9a29f6dcb108" class=""><span style="font-size: 23.3333pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(115, 15, 34); font-weight: 700; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class=""><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;" class="">Onur Mutlu, Professor, ETH Zurich</span></span></span></div></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></div></div></div><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-aa040648-7fff-baca-b263-f4adea54dddc" class=""><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 192px; height: 240px;" class=""><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/2SuCpIs4eEZIoH4-8EvVFuADEDXPRXY8GOzLiM6rcSX5mt-G55zzE2RRhNGKN7xBnLm0slxJa631PFNWsixXcqUyJXRbu7Ega2uPvcDtgTqVe0DPxmJtUSWZKJIAXxgb1pcv_a4rv3O9gZH3vZS_zQzfGvtK08x9D6L_P2LmaHA-TEsrhLkASXADrxvA" width="195.59999999999997" height="240" style="margin-left: -1.799999999999983px; margin-top: 0px;" class=""></span></span><br class=""><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><b class="">Thursday, October 6, 2022 at 1:30pm</b></span></div></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><b class=""><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;">John Crerar Library, Conference Room 390</span></b></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="text-align: left;"><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><span class=""><b class="">Title:</b> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">The Story of RowHammer</span></div><div class="" style="text-align: left;"><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><br class=""></span></div><div class="" style="text-align: left;"><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><span class=""><b class="">Abstract:</b> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">We will examine the RowHammer problem in DRAM, which is the first example of how a circuit-level failure mechanism in Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) can cause a practical and widespread system security vulnerability. RowHammer is the phenomenon that repeatedly accessing a row in a modern DRAM chip predictably causes errors in</span></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="text-align: left;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">physically-adjacent rows. It is caused by a hardware failure mechanism </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">called read disturb errors, a manifestation of circuit-level </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">cell-to-cell interference in a scaled memory technology. Building on </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">our initial fundamental work that appeared at ISCA 2014, Google </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Project Zero demonstrated that this hardware phenomenon can be </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">exploited by user-level programs to gain kernel privileges. Many other </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">works demonstrated other attacks exploiting RowHammer, including </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">remote takeover of a server vulnerable to RowHammer and takeover of a </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">mobile device by a malicious user-level application.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><div style="text-align: left;" class="">Unfortunately, the RowHammer problem still plagues cutting-edge DRAM chips, DDR4 and beyond. Based on our recent characterization studies of more than 1500 DRAM chips from six technology generations that appeared at ISCA 2020 and MICRO 2021, we will show that RowHammer at the circuit level is getting much worse, newer DRAM chips are much more </div></span></div><div class=""><div style="text-align: left;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">vulnerable to RowHammer than older ones, and existing mitigation techniques do </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">not work well. We will also show that existing proprietary mitigation </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">techniques employed in DDR4 DRAM chips, which are advertised to be </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Rowhammer-free, can be bypassed via many-sided hammering (also known </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">as TRRespass & Uncovering TRR).</span></div><div style="text-align: left;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><div style="text-align: left;" class="">Throughout the talk, we will analyze the properties of the RowHammer problem, examine circuit/device scaling characteristics, and discuss solution ideas. We will also discuss what other problems may be lurking in DRAM and other types of memory, e.g., NAND flash, Phase Change Memory and other emerging memory technologies, which can potentially threaten the foundations of reliable and secure systems, as the memory technologies scale to higher densities. We will conclude by describing and advocating a principled approach to memory reliability and security research that can enable us to better anticipate and prevent such vulnerabilities. </div></span></div><div class=""><div class="" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div></div></div><div class="" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span class=""><span class=""><b class="">Bio:</b> </span></span>Onur Mutlu is a Professor of Computer Science at ETH Zurich. He is also a faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University, where he previously held the Strecker Early Career Professorship. His current broader research interests are in computer architecture, systems, hardware security, and bioinformatics. A variety of techniques he,along with his group and collaborators, has invented over the years </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">have influenced industry and have been employed in commercial </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">microprocessors and memory/storage systems. He obtained his PhD and MS </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">in ECE from the University of Texas at Austin and BS degrees in </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Computer Engineering and Psychology from the University of Michigan, </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Ann Arbor. He started the Computer Architecture Group at Microsoft </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Research (2006-2009), and held various product and research positions </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">at Intel Corporation, Advanced Micro Devices, VMware, and Google. He received the Intel Outstanding Researcher Award, NVMW Persistent Impact Prize, IEEE High Performance Computer Architecture Test of Time Award, the IEEE Computer Society Edward J. McCluskey Technical Achievement Award, ACM SIGARCH Maurice Wilkes Award, the inaugural IEEE Computer Society Young Computer Architect Award, the inaugural </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Intel Early Career Faculty Award, US National Science Foundation CAREER Award, Carnegie Mellon University Ladd Research Award, faculty partnership awards from various companies, and a healthy number of best paper or "Top Pick" paper recognitions at various computer systems, architecture, and security venues. He is an ACM Fellow, IEEE Fellow, and an elected member of the Academy of Europe </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">(Academia Europaea). His computer architecture and digital logic design course lectures and materials are freely available on YouTube (</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/OnurMutluLectures" target="_blank" class="" style="font-size: 14px;">https://www.youtube.com/OnurMutluLectures</a><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">), and his research group makes a wide variety of software and hardware artifacts freely available online (</span><a href="https://safari.ethz.ch/" target="_blank" class="" style="font-size: 14px;">https://safari.ethz.ch/</a><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">). For more information, please see his webpage at </span><a href="https://people.inf.ethz.ch/omutlu/" target="_blank" class="" style="font-size: 14px;">https://people.inf.ethz.ch/omutlu/</a><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">.</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><b class="">PDF:</b></span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""></div></div></div></div></div><span id="cid:28F9D7E6-5234-482B-802C-AD1A2A1F77F4"><Mutlu talk w pic.docx.pdf></span><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><b class=""><br class=""></b></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><b class="">Host: </b><span class="">Yanjing Li</span></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><b class=""><br class=""></b></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><b class=""><br class=""></b></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;"><b class=""><br class=""></b></span></div><div class=""><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">Sandra (Sandy) Quarles</span></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; 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text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span id="docs-internal-guid-672306d4-7fff-f8e6-5142-61dd2bf776be" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">Project Assistant IV</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">Computer Science</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">The University of Chicago</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">5730 S. Ellis Avenue</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">Chicago, IL 60637</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><<a href="mailto:squarles@cs.uchicago.edu" target="_blank" class="">squarles@cs.uchicago.edu</a>></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">773-702-3508</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><br class=""></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span id="docs-internal-guid-672306d4-7fff-f8e6-5142-61dd2bf776be" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">Sandra (Sandy) Quarles</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">Project Assistant IV</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">Computer Science</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">The University of Chicago</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">5730 S. Ellis Avenue</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">Chicago, IL 60637</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><<a href="mailto:squarles@cs.uchicago.edu" target="_blank" class="">squarles@cs.uchicago.edu</a>></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;" class="">773-702-3508</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><br class=""></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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